Bibliography of Articles Relating to Integrated Chiller Retrofits

author	title	magazine	month	year	page_num	subject	summary	comment
J.G. Murray (P.E)	Purge Needs In Absorption Chillers	ASHRAE JOURNAL	10	1993	pg. 40-47	ABSORPTION 001	Effective purging is necessary for satisfactory chiller operation and to fully receive the energy savings from double effect cycles.	Good basic information about the absorption cycle.
Anne M. Hayner	Absorption Readies For Comeback	Engineered Systems	12	1994	pg. 55-56	ABSORPTION 002	Absorption technology gets a second look in the wake of environmental regulation.	Limited in useful information
Robert M. Tozer (C.ENG)	Operating Comparison Of Absorption & Centrifugal Chillers	ASHRAE JOURNAL	10	1994	pg. 20-30	ABSORPTION 003	Direct-fired absorption chillers may be competitive in running costs to centrifugal chillers for various types of buildings.	Limited in useful information.
C.B. Dorgan, C.E. Dorgan, S.P. Leight	ASHRAE'S New Application Guide For Absorption Cooling	ASHRAE JOURNAL	07	1995	pg. 31-37	ABSORPTION 004	6-chapter reference manual, chap 1- introduction, chap 2 - required system characterics, chap 3 - economics of absorption, chap 4 - heat recovery, chap 5 - the absorption process, chap 6 lithium bromide-water absorbtion cycle.	Limited in useful information
York Corporation	Absorption Chiller-Heaters Elected To Replace 93 Partisan Units	Consulting-Specifying Enginee	04	1994	pg. 13-14	ABSORPTION 005	Story of roof top units getting replaced by a new chiller unit in two very old buildings with no cooling initially installed. these buildings had about 93 separate ac systems scattered verywhere. One building was about 130 years old and the other was about 93 years old. Based on a 20-year life cycle cost and space constraints, engineers chose two gas-fired absorption chillers. (note: article by york)	Limited in useful information
York Corporation	Environmental Group Chooses Chiller-Heater	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	08	1992	pg. 20-22	ABSORPTION 006	York Corp. talks about one of its jobs where a chiller heater was used.	Limited in useful information.
Anne M. Hayner	A Winner For Dearborn City Hall	Engineered Systems	04	1992	pg. 33-35	ABSORPTION 007	In Dearborn MI, a gas driven chiller was used to retrofit an annex of city hall.	Limited in useful information
Gordon Duffy	Chiller-Heater Meets Environmental Mandate	Engineered Systems	09	1992	pg. 38-41	ABSORPTION 008	Due to the CFC ban, Nestle engineers found that a direct fired gas absorption chiller and gas purchase strategy could also save on energy costs.	Not applicable to the average retrofit project.
R.L. Busby	Engine-Driven Chiller Stage A Comeback	Engineered Systems	02	1994	pg. 51-57	ABSORPTION 009	Despite inititial high costs, engine-driven chillers are saving money for many commerical building owners.	Good testimonials for engine driven chillers
Absorption | Ammonia | CFC's | Chillers | Cooling Towers | Misc Cooling | Piping
Mark Skaer	Cooling With Gas	Engineered Systems	07	1994	pg. 48-50	ABSORPTION 010	Florida health care center turns to natural gas for a/c and reduces energy cost.	Limited in useful information
McQuay Corporation	Chillers Used In Tree-Fueled HVAC System	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	12	1994	pg. 14-16	ABSORPTION 011	Steam fired absorbtion chillers were installed in Nebraska.	Not applicable
Stephan J. Rawski & William W. Clark	Application Strategies For Absorption Chillers	Globalcon '93	04	1993	pg. 1-14	ABSORPTION 012	Under certain operating & energy cost scenarios, gas fired double effect absorption chillers are a viable solution for the environment & energy management. Presentation will also aid in the design criteria for absorption chiller systems.	Good reference material
Michael J. Moore	HVAC & Building Systems Congress, Successful HVAC Projects	Globalcon '93	04	1993	pg. 1-7	ABSORPTION 013	General information is provided on HVAC retrofit projects. Absorption is touched on briefly.	Limited in useful information
Gershon Meckler, P.E.	New Directions In HVAC Systems	Globalcon '94	04	1994	pg. 1-18	ABSORPTION 014	Discussion of the future of HVAC systems and what the engineer should look for in the future. Absorption is touched on as something to look into.	Describes some useful technologies
Pramod P. Kulkarni	Solar Absorption Cooling For Demand Side Management	Globalcon '94	04	1994	pg. 1-9	ABSORPTION 015	Paper discusses status of solar absorption cooling technology and its potential as a demand side management option. Review of energy, environmental, & economic issues addressed by this technology and identifies barriers for its commercialization.	Interesting but of no practical value
D.J. Anderson	Technical & Economic Performance Of Energy-Efficient Engine Driven Chiller	Energy & Pollution Control Opportunities	10	1993	pg. 521-531	ABSORPTION 016	Discussion of the benefits of absorption chillers	Good background information on engine driven chillers
D.R. Swalla & S.A. Sherif	Thermodynamic Analysis Of A Combined Vapor Compression/Absorption	Energy & Pollution Control Opportunities	10	1993	pg. 557-561	ABSORPTION 017	Reports on the results of a thermodynamic analysis of a combine vapor compression/absorption refrigeration system using R-134a & (VCS) in the absorption machine.	Limited in useful information
G.R. Tanner	Institutional Project Summary: University Of Redlands Direct Fired Gas Absorbtion Chiller System	Vision 2001: Energy & Environmental Engineering	11	1995	pg. 449-452	ABSORPTION 018	Arthor provided design engineering for the installaion of a 500 ton direct gas fired absorbtion chiller addition to the Univeristy of Redlands. Based on energy consumption tests done after the chiller was added, it is estimated that the university saves about $65,000 per year. The simple before tax payback of the project was six years.	Limited in useful information
Absorption | Ammonia | CFC's | Chillers | Cooling Towers | Misc Cooling | Piping
Ronald A. Cole (P.E.)	Forum: Ammonia As An Alternative Refrigerant	ASHRAE JOURNAL	12	1990	pg. 27-32	AMMONIA 001	Author discusses ammonia's advantages & disadvantages. Author talks of how ammonia is necessary and practical in industrial refrigeration.	Good Information.
Robert S. Ohling (P.E.)	Ammonia: The New/Old Refrigerant	ASHRAE JOURNAL	12	1990	pg. 34-42	AMMONIA 002	Author discusses ammonia's advantages & disadvantage & advocates young engineers designing new ways to minimize its disadvantages.	A good article about process applications of ammonia system.
Sydney M. Miner (P.E.)	Ammonia As A Refrigerant Choice	ASHRAE JOURNAL	12	1990	pg. 43-44	AMMONIA 003	Author discusses ammonia's advantages & disadvantages & advocates educating engineers in all aspects of the HVAC industry including all refrigerants and systems	A short article but some interesting discussion on ammonia.
Gordon Duffy	Used, Outdated Ammonia Compressors Deliver Reliability	Engineered Systems	03	1993	pg. 35-37	AMMONIA 004	Iowa packing company uses 30-50 year old two-cylinder ammonia compressors	Interesting but not applicable informaiton.
H.M. Hunter & A.J. Pitt	The Use Of Ammonia And Secondary Refrigerants In Commercial REF	Engineered Systems	03	1994	pg. 41-44	AMMONIA 005	Paper explores the potenital use of ammonia in supermarkets. key points are: environmentally friendly, lower energy costs small primary charge, lower cost of ownership, and store layout flexability	Directed toward supermarket refrigeration.
Steven J. Toth	Air Conditioning With Ammonia For District Cooling	ASHRAE JOURNAL	07	1994	pg. 28-36	AMMONIA 006	New system design with 15 safety features makes ammonia a viable choice for certain air-conditioning applications.	A good "how to" article.
Ed Bas	Miami Campus Cools With Ammonia District Cooling	Engineered Systems	09	1994	pg. 65-68	AMMONIA 007	Miami campus sidesteps the CFC issure by going to ammonia.	Interesting but limited in applicable information.
Charlie Tibbils	Cold Storage Warehouse Chose Ammonia	Engineered Systems	03	1995	pg. 37-40	AMMONIA 008	A refrigeration system using R-12 was converted to an ammonia system.	Not applicable.
Absorption | Ammonia | CFC's | Chillers | Cooling Towers | Misc Cooling | Piping
Mark O. McLinden & David A. Didion (P.E.)	Quest For Alternatives	ASHRAE JOURNAL	12	1987	pg. 32-42	CFC 001	A general discussion on what type of alternate refrigerent is desired. emphasis is given to looking at refrigerent from a molecular level. general conclusion is that we will still use something from the CFC family.	Good basic information about CFC's though a bit dated because of legislation that has occurred since its publication.
Anne M. Hayner (EDITOR)	Choosing An Alternative Refrigerant	Engineered Systems	01	1992	pg. 29-31	CFC 002	A few engineers telling what they spec. Basically specing R-22 & R-123 & R-134.	Good basic information on CFC selection.
Arnett Smiley (P.E.)	CFC Phaseout Why Not Consider Ammonia	Engineered Systems	01	1992	pg. 37-39	CFC 003	Author talks about how NH3 and compressor oil do not really mix in that they flow together as 2 separate liquids while oil and CFC's mix together. Author also talks of how ammonia gets a bad rap but is still good for some cooling applications.	Provides good information on using Ammonia as a refrigerant.
Chiller Manufactorers Represenitives	CFC Forum	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	01	1992	pg. 55-64	CFC 004	Major chiller manufactors take time to tell what they have, how good it is, and how they support all efforts to find a good refrigerent. Mcquay is only one that has mad a commitment to R-134a.	This group of articles provides data from each of the major manufacturers and their refrigerant choice.
Eugene L. Smithart (P.E.)	CFC Management With Microprocessor-based Controls	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	05	1992	pg. 55-58	CFC 005	Author talks of how you can improve your central plant by hooking up you chiller to you bas. He also states what should be logged more often than not. Ashrae Guide 3-199	This article provides some good information on utilization of DDC controls for CFC management.
James M. CaLM (P.E.)	Alternative Refrigerants: Challenges, Opportunities	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	05	1992	pg. 38-49	CFC 006	Author talks of alternative refrigerents, things facing industry such as continued use of equipment, conversion, & replacement of refrigerent. All options are discussed in detail	Interesting discussion of low, medium, and high pressure refrigeration systems and the related refrigerants.
Refrigerent Maker Represenatives	CFC Forum	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	07	1992	pg. 53-58	CFC 007	Makers of refrigerent discuss their thoughts on CFC phaseout and what their companies are going about it. Substitutes for current CFC are also discussed.	This 1992 article provides the perspective from the major refrigerant manufacturers.
Trane Company	HCFC-123 Chiller Meets ASHRAE Requirement	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	10	1992	pg. 37-40	CFC 008	A trane HCFC-123 chiller was installed sucessfully and it meets ASHRAE requirements. Installation was for polytechnic institute & state university in Blacksburg, Virginia.	This older advertisement article touts the ability to use R-123 safely.
Trane Company	Virginia Tech Launches Its First HCFC-123 Chiller	Engineered Systems	09	1992	pg. 54-56	CFC 009	Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University installs a HCFC-123 chiller successfully.	A condensed version of the previous article (CFC-008)
Absorption | Ammonia | CFC's | Chillers | Cooling Towers | Misc Cooling | Piping
F. Sherwood Rowland, PH.D., D.SC.	The CFC Controversy: Issues And Answers	ASHRAE JOURNAL	12	1992	pg. 20-27	CFC 010	Author answers many questions and options given about ozone, CFC, and things related to ozone depletion.	This article is a must if you have questions about how, why and even if CFC's contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer.
Anne M. Hayner (EDITOR)	Refrigeration Management: Take Action Today	Engineered Systems	11	1992	pg. 11-23	CFC 011	Author wants you to plan for CFC phaseout now instead of doing nothing. Advice is given on making a plan, finding the answer that is best for you, do not count on the government, and contain the *CFC you have. A discussion is also provided.	Chronicles the importance of having a refrigerant management program.
Anne M. Hayner	Planning The Move To Alternatives	Engineered Systems	04	1993	pg. 36-37	CFC 012	Author takes about the importance of maintaining your chiller and how your chiller maintenance records will tell you if it is time to convert or replace. A discussion of refrigeration management and when to convert is also given.	This article discusses how maintenance issues can influence the decisions to retrofit or replace your chillers.
John A. Tomczyk	Refrigerant Blends	Engineered Systems	05	1993	pg. 15-19	CFC 013	A review of alternative refrigerants and near-azeotropic refrigerent mixtures. Azeotropic (mixture of two or more liquid when mixed behave as 1 compound under certain conditions)	This article answers some basic questions about refrigerant blends.
G.D. Mathur, PH.D., P.E.	AlternativeS Take On R-12	Engineered Systems	09	1993	pg. 49-53	CFC 014	Discussion given on general theory, reversed carnot cycle, vapor compression refrigeration system, effects of evaporator temperature variations, etc. mostly a lot of talk which is backed by theory.	A comparision of R-12, R-134a and R-152a. Not bad information if you are interested in the thermodynamic properties of these refrigerants.
PauL L. Doppel	ONE Company'S Strategy	Engineered Systems	09	1993	pg. 41-48	CFC 015	A review of texas instruments plan to lower CFC use. Life cycle cost of conversion vs. replacement was used.	An interesting article of Texas Instruments's strategy of CFC phaseout.
Anne M. Hayner	Pay Now Or Pay Later	Engineered Systems	09	1993	pg. 27-32	CFC 016	Author wants you to plan now, pay for a refrigerent management have money available now to implement the plan and not just sit and wait because it will probably be more expensive in the future to do something.	This article has some good information about replacement equipment available though the data is a little old and equipment efficiencies have improved.
Robert L. Schwed	Supermarkets Explore Alternative Refrigerants	Engineered Systems	05	1993	pg. 20-24	CFC 017	Discussion of how some supermarkets are viewing the CFC ban and what they are doing now. CFC retrofit of R-12, R-22 & R-502 are discussed along with the replacement.	Discussion of supermarket refrigerant alternatives.
Joseph P. Doyle (P.E.)	Refrigerant Management: Conserving A Valuable Resource	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	03	1993	pg. 59-62	CFC 018	Author talks of developing a systematic, long term approach to managing the existing refrigeration resources through proper recovery, recycling, and reclamation.	Refrigerant management issues are discussed. Important information for those who have not yet taken action.
WaLter A. Phillips	Refrigerant Retrofits: An Overview	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	04	1993	pg. 33-37	CFC 019	Encourages owners to step up retrofit plans, conversions & replacement of CFC currenlty in use. Article also talks of owner strategies, refrigerant demand supply, meeting conversion demand, CFC price, HCFC production, & retrofit/conversion.	A valuable comparison of several options related to conversion or replacement.
Absorption | Ammonia | CFC's | Chillers | Cooling Towers | Misc Cooling | Piping
Alan M. Bell	How TO Convert CFC-12 Chillers TO HFC-134A	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	04	1993	pg. 39-42	CFC 020	General discussion on the procedure for retrofiting a chiller from CFC-12 to HFC-134a.	A good brief discussion of the R-12 to R-134a chiller conversion process.
Bruce Siebert	How TO Convert CFC-11 Chillers TO HCFC-123	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	04	1993	pg. 45-50	CFC 021	Very general discussion on conversion from CFC-11 to HCFC-123. Basically be very careful, talk to the chiller supplier and plan for it.	Read this before you convert a R-11 machine to R-123.
D. Goswami, P.E.	Selecting A Refrigerant: Comparison Made Easier	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	08	1993	pg. 75-82	CFC 022	A method for performing a quantitative analysis for selecting a chiller refrigerant is presented with an example.	Interesting reading if you have not made up your mind about the refrigerant that best meets your needs.
Trane Company	Chiller Conversions Help Company Become CFC-Free	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	09	1993	pg. 25-27	CFC 023	Storage Technology Corp (Storage TEK) in Denver Colorado converted 15 water chillers to CFC-free refrigerants. Chillers ranged from 300 to 600 tons.	Advertisement for Trane Company
Heatcraft Company	Scroll Compressor Uses CFC-Free Refrigerant	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	09	1993	pg. 25	CFC 023	Scroll compressor using HP-62 as a refrigerant to replace R-502 (as the standard low/medium temperature refrigerant) was used in an installation in an old folks home.	An advertisement article for a CFC free scroll compressor unit.
Chuck Cutting, CPE	Controlling Laboratory Temperatures	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	11	1993	pg. 55-59	CFC 024	Michigan Biotechnology Institute converted temperature controlled lab rooms from CFC based refrigerants to the buildings central heating and cooling system. Careful research is a must.	The retrofit of a Lab system that had previously been a separate system
Gershon Meckler, P.E.	Integrated IAQ-CFC Retrofit Saves Energy	Consulting-Specifying Engineer	03	1993	pg. 42-48	CFC 025	Study was peformed that suggested that it is better to do a combined IAQ & chiller retrofit than a single retrofit.	A good article about some possibilities for combining a CFC retrofit project with issues of indoor air quality.
Chandra Madan	R-134A: The Best Alternative For Chillers	ASHRAE JOURNAL	05	1993	pg. 58-60	CFC 026	Author thinks R-134a is best refrigerant alternative and gives reasons why.	This article explains some of the benefit of using a R-134a chiller.
Stephan Massien & Randall Demke	Current And Future Refrigerants For Chillers	ASHRAE JOURNAL	05	1993	pg. 62-63	CFC 027	Article talks of current refrigerent use R-22 and very briefy talks about other blends of refrigerants R-32, R-125, & R-134a.	Promotes the use of R-22 instead of R-134a which was sound advice in 1993 but with the reduction in cost of R-134a and the new compressors available, this information is outdated.
William E. Dietrich	A Positive Outlook For The Future	ASHRAE JOURNAL	05	1993	pg. 64-65	CFC 028	Articles talks of using R-134 for the future and why it is the best alternate refrigerant on the market today. Article also discusses retrofitting other CFC's to R-134a.	An explaination of why McQuay has selected R-134a as their standard.
Eugene L. Smithart & James G. Crawford	R-123: A Balanced Selection For Low Pressure Systems	ASHRAE JOURNAL	05	1993	pg. 66-69	CFC 029	Brief discussion of low pressure refrigeration systems. Major emphasis on R-123 as a retrofit option. Emphasis on R-123 as a retrofit option.	This article is written by Trane Co. marketing personnel and promotes the low pressure machines utilizing R-123 that Trane Co. manufactures.
Absorption | Ammonia | CFC's | Chillers | Cooling Towers | Misc Cooling | Piping
P. John Ostman	Environmental Solutions For Today's Refrigerant Challenges	ASHRAE JOURNAL	05	1993	pg. 70-72	CFC 030	General discussion on CFC retrofit & using alternative technology such as absorbtion & ammonia. Lists common retrofit/conversion situations advocates reducing CFC dependence (plan now or pay later).	A somewhat dated article but still contains some good refrigerant related data.
James M. Calm (P.E.)	Status And Use Of The Refrigerant Database	ASHRAE JOURNAL	11	1993	pg. 50-55	CFC 031	This article talks of a refrigerant database which probably has everything you would want to know about refrigerants & stuff.	Provides information about the Refrigerant Database that can help you find references about refrigerants (the article does not contain the data itself.
James R. Parsnow	The Long-Term Alternative: R-134A In Positive Pressure Chillers	ASHRAE JOURNAL	05	1993	pg. 54-56	CFC 032	Advocates future use of R-134a in positive pressure chillers. They are small, easier to maintain, & are a more efficient gas. Refer also to ASHRAE STANDARD 34 & ASHRAE GUIDELINE 3.	Written by a Carrier Co. marketing executive, this article explains why industry is moving toward the use of R-134a as the long term solution to the CFC issue.
Mark W. Spatz (P.E.)	Alternative Refrigerants For R-22 Chillers	ASHRAE JOURNAL	05	1993	pg. 50-52	CFC 033	Lists alternatives to R-22 such as R-134a by itself or a blend of stuff like R-32/R-125 & R-134a or R-32/R-125.	Explains that the thermodynamic properties of a refrigerant alone are not sufficient to make a educated decision, other properties are also important in calculating the overall efficiency of the refrigerant.
N.D. Smith, K. Ratanaphruks, M.W. Tufts	R-245CA: A Potential Far-Term Alternative For R-11	ASHRAE JOURNAL	02	1993	pg. 19-23	CFC 034	Summary of R-245aca as furture alternative to R-11 or R-123.	This article discusses tests on R-245ca an HFC refrigerant that is a possible choice for the replacement of either R-11 or R-123. This article may be of interest if you have a preference for low pressure machines and are concerned about their future.
Mark B. Shiflett & Akimichi Yokozeki	Near-Azeotropic Refrigerants As Alternatives For R-502	ASHRAE JOURNAL	02	1993	pg. 24-27	CFC 035	Three near azeotropic refrigerant mixtures are discussed. they appear good candidates as alternatives for R-502, two are mixtures of HFC-125, HC-90, & HCF-22, & one is a mixture of HFC-125, HFC-143a, & HFC-134a.	Article exlores the use of R-502 in low temperature applications.
S. Corr, T.W. Dekleva, A.L. Savage	Retrofitting Large Refrigeration Systems With R-134A	ASHRAE JOURNAL	02	1993	pg. 29-33	CFC 036	Discussion & case study of retrofitting large refrigeration system with R-134a. discussion also on development of synthetic polyolester lubricants for chiller system.	Explores the possibilities converting a R-12 chiller to R-134a.
Food Marketing Institute	Selection & Application Of Alternative Refrigerants In Supermarket	Engineered Systems	05	1995	pg. 34-44	CFC 037	Detailed discussion on selecting refrigerants for supermarkets. A leading food retailers' association provide guidelines for supermarkets moving to alternative refrigerants.	Discussion of alternate refrigerants in supermarket systems. Not applicable to an integrated chiller retrofit.
George Haines	HFC Retrofits: A Practicle Guide	Engineered Systems	05	1994	pg. 23-28	CFC 038	Highlight of considerations which should be taken into account for retrofit including lubricant issues, system flushing, moisture considerations, & modifications of chiller systems.	Some basic guidelines to converting a chiller to R-134a.
Howard Mckew (P.E.)	Government Mandates: Refrigerant Management	Engineered Systems	10	1994	pg. 31-35	CFC 039	Discussion on how to manage refrigeration you currently have. Strong emphasis on planning and surveying.	Another article on the importance of having a refrigerant management plan.
Absorption | Ammonia | CFC's | Chillers | Cooling Towers | Misc Cooling | Piping
Robert Eade	Taking The Fear Factor Out Of Refrigerants	Engineered Systems	01	1994	pg. 42-47	CFC 040	Two ASHRAE STANDARDS help eliminated fear regarding refrigerant use and equipment degign, construction, installation, operation. ASHRAE STANDARD 34 defines toxicity & flammability. ASHRAE STANDARD 15 promotes design, construction, etc	Contains some information on the refrigeration leak detectors available.
Herbertt. Gilkey (P.E.)	Refrigerant Management	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	01	1994	pg. 78-87	CFC 041	Strategies for prolonging equipment life through refrigerant conservation & reclamation & through conversion to alternates. Also a discussion of the need for a refrigerant management plan is given.	More reasons you need to have a refrigerant management plan.
N/A	CFC, Halon Emission Reduction Helping Ozone	Consulting-Specifying Enginee	11	1994	pg. 16	CFC 042	Proof that limiting CFC emissions into the air is helping to reduce ozone depletion.	Not relevant
Kenneth E. Hickman	Redesigning Equipment For R-22 And R-502 Alternatives	ASHRAE JOURNAL	01	1994	pg. 42-47	CFC 043	Several HFC mixtures may be viable replacements for R-22 and R-502 in certain air-conditioning and refrigeration application.	This is an update of manufactoring issues.
R.J. Albrecht, T.J. Matthews & L.J. Rafuse	Using R-134A And R-22 In Supermarket Refrigeration Applications	ASHRAE JOURNAL	02	1994	pg. 30-35	CFC 044	R-134a & R-22 were field tested to determine their performance in medium and low temperature refrigeration systems. No bad results were seen.	Topic is supermarket low temperature applications.
R.A. Nault, R.A. Bilodeau, T.W. Edwards	CFC Transition: Cleaner Air, Improved Efficiency, Savings	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	09	1995	pg. 39-43	CFC 045	National Semiconductor switched refrigerants, installed vav fans, used free cooling, installed VAV fans and improved overall HVAC system.	This article is a good example of how looking at the entire system operation can uncover many ways to save energy and improve system performance when involved in an otherwise unprofitable endeavor like replacing a chiller.
Robert Lowe & Roland Ares	From CFC-12 TO HFC-134A: An Analysis Of A Refrigerant Retrofit	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	01	1995	pg. 81-119	CFC 046	Detailed look at a refrigerant conversion plan & actual refrigerant changeout at Sears Tower in Chicage.	This is important reading for those who have large tonnage chillers they are contemplating converting to R-134a.
ICI America	Hospital Successfully Removes CFC-12 From ITS Chillers	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	10	1994	pg. 26	CFC 047		Not enough information to bother with.
ICI America	N/A, Misc. Articles	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	01	1995	pg. 34-162	CFC 048	Articles on select companies that have retrofitted equipment.	Not applicable
ICI America	N/A, Misc. Articles	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	02	1995	pg. 27-29	CFC 049	Articles on select companies on thier CFC retrofit programs.	Not Applicable
Absorption | Ammonia | CFC's | Chillers | Cooling Towers | Misc Cooling | Piping
James M. Calm (P.E.)	Refrigerant Safety	ASHRAE JOURNAL	07	1994	pg. 17-25	CFC 050	Alternative refrigerants are as safe or safer than those they replace, but more care is needed with all refrigerants.	Good safety information
Bernard A. Nagengast	Refrigerants: 160 Years Of Change	ASHRAE JOURNAL	03	1995	pg. 54-62	CFC 051	The history of refrigerants provides some lessons that are applicable to the new alternative refrigerants.	An interesting history of refrigerants.
Douglas G. Gehring	How To Determine Concentration Of Water In System Refrigerants	ASHRAE JOURNAL	09	1995	pg. 52-56	CFC 052	Sampling and analyzing the refrigerant liquid phase, if done properly, will give the correct water concentration in the system refrigerant.	Interesting but not particulary applicable.
Robert K. Hoshide	New HVAC Technologies For Energy Efficiency	Globalcon '92	04	1992	pg. 1-15	CFC 053	Discusses HVAC and their impact on the environment, energy efficiency & standards, economics, comfort, health & safety of occupants, & advances in HVAC for improved energy management.	Provides basic information on many of the available energy efficient HVAC technologies.
Thomas C. Sorensen	Leak Monitoring For CFC'S, HCFC'S, HFC'S And Oxygen Depletion	Globalcon '93	04	1993	N/A	CFC 054	Discussion on leak detection to lessen refrigerant leaks.	This is information that the design engineer should know before designing a new or retrofit system.
EPA	Stratospheric Ozone Protection	Globalcon '94	04	1994	pg. 1-11	CFC 055	An overview of epa rules for refrigerant recycling are given. final regulations published on 05/14/93 and prohibitions on venting dated 07/01/92 are also provided.	This is an important summary of the laws regarding CFC's.
W.E. Gullivan & B.G. Beach	Phase-Out Of CFC Usage In Industrial Refrigeration Equipment	Energy & Pollution Control Opportunities	10	1993	pg. 19-26	CFC 056	Brief summary of current regulations applying to industrial refrigeration & ac systems. Discusses impact on users of CFC's and hCFC's and a recommended course of action.	Basic background reading on the CFC issue.
B.B. Lindsay	Update On Refrigerant Issues: Accelerated Phase-out, Safety, &	Energy & Pollution Control Opportunities	10	1993	pg. 167-172	CFC 057	General discussion on all issues related to the ban on CFC's.	More CFC phaseout information.
G.S. Kazachki, C.L. Gage	Performance & Efficiency Evaluations Of 11 Non-CFC Refrigerants	Energy & Pollution Control Opportunities	10	1993	pg. 173-182	CFC 058	An analytical method is used to evaluate 11 refrigerants as viable alternatives to CFC's. The following refrigerants deserve some technical consideration: HFC-32 (low temp replaces R-502), HC-290(propane) replaces HCF-C22, see article for additional info.	Background information on alternative refrigerants available.
G.S. Kazachki	Criteria For Evaluation Of The Efficiency Improvements In Vapor	Energy & Pollution Control Opportunities	10	1993	pg. 183-189	CFC 059	An analytical method for quantifying effects of internal heat exchange in vapor compressio cycles is developed.	Discusses the thermodynamics involved in chiller operation.
Absorption | Ammonia | CFC's | Chillers | Cooling Towers | Misc Cooling | Piping
C.W. Sohn, K.o. Homan, H. Gignilliat	CFC Issues From A User's Point Of View	Energy & Pollution Control Opportunities	10	1993	pg. 191-198	CFC 060	A method for developing "baseline date" from an inventory of refrigerant equipment is provided. Discussion is also given on developing cost models along with compliance options to deal with refrigerant replacement/retrofit.	The U.S. Army's approach to refrigerant management.
Kenneth W. Manz	Certification Programs For Refrigerant Recovery, Recycling, And Reclaiming Refrigerants	Globalcon '94	04	1994	pg. 1-8	CFC 061	Discussess ari standards for refrigerant specifications and standards for performance of refrigerant recovery/recycle equipment. Discusses the certifications programs available in the market.	Information on recycled refrigerants
Eddie Beres	A Technical Issue In A Political Arena CFC'S	ASHRAE JOURNAL	12	1986	pg. 34-36	CFC 062	Clorofluorocarbons of vital import to air conditioning are among gases considered a problem in the atmosphere, but many uncertainties remain. Author gives a general discussion of the problem of CFC's as it relates to the political areana disucusses the debate currently going on regarding CFC regulation.	Very dated information.
David Wylie, P.E.	Practical Concerns For Refrigerant Management In Buildings	Globalcon '94	04	1994	pg. 1-4	CFC 063	Gives a brief yet practial discussion on CFC management. Discusses what should be done by a building owner to prepare for CFC phaseout. Discusses record keeping, designating a facility refrigerant manager, conducting an inventory of equipment & refrigerants and developing a refrigerant management plan.	Good information on CFC management.
Jay Stein & Chris Robertson	Making The Most Of The CFC Phase-out	EPRI 7TH National DSM Conference			pg. 251-256	CFC 064	The authors discusses what services (engineering and others) building owners should look for to make the most out of the CFC phase-out. Some services include a well managed energy retrofit program (reduce cooling load by improving lighting, building shell, and other buildings systems. Re-engineer the system after this, re-size equipment and then make sure the chiller or conversion is the most energy efficient available.), more involvement of the utility companies (to provide customer assistance, marketing, education, and research), and lots of engineering support in modeling the building, creating a baseline model, etc.	This article makes many good points and discusses many of the energy conservation measures that can be implemented in order to optimize a chiller retrofit project.
James P. Waltz (P.E.)	Chiller Plant CFC, Energy, And Operational Improvements...Or, Killing Three "Birds" With One Stone	World Energy Engineering Congress '95		1995		CFC 065	The paper explores the hidden opportunities that exist when planning CFC abatement or modernization projects for central cooling plants, both small and large.	An excellent article on the many benefits that can be achieved from taking an integrated approach to a CFC retrofit project.
Adam Cordova & Michael A. Kennicott	Reduction Of Chlorofluorocarbon Emissions From Refrigeration	N/A			pg. 1-11	CFC 066	The paper discusses the steps taken at (rocky flats plant) toward the abatement of CFC releases. The main point of the paper revolves around a refrigerant management program. The paper also discusses other methods of reducing CFC emissions such as installation of oil filtration systems on major chiller units, installation of spring-loaded pressure relief valves and the retrofitting of major chilelr units to accept less harmful, alternative refrigerants.	This article contains fairly dated information.
James P. Waltz & Craig D. Shulenberger	Integration: Reducing The Cost Of CFC Chiller Replacement	Consulting-Specifying Engineer	01	1995	pg. 42-48	CFC 067	With careful planning, engineers can help building owners find the "silver lining" in the ominous cloud of CFC ceased production. Discusses opportunities in equipment upgrade, re-engineering existing chw plants or "fixing bad designs", changing plant capacities, reconfiguring plants, and fuel substitution.	A very good article about the many problems that can be solved and the energy conservation measures that can be associated with a CFC retrofit project to make the project more attractive economically.
Carrier Corporation	Carrier Refrigerant Hankbook 3RD Edition	N/A			N/A	CFC 068	This handbook gives a good overview of many isssues related to CFC's. the handbook is divided into eight sections: 1 - Understanding the issues, 2 - Refrigerant management, 3 - Environmental technology, 4 - Total retrofit solutions, 5 - Containment products, 6 - Replacement products, 7 - Controls, 8 - Extending chiller life.	A good reference book, though naturally bias toward Carrier.
Anne M. Hayner	Government Mandates: Refrigerant Management	Engineered Systems	10	1994	pg. 38-39	CFC 069	Discussion on what the government services administration (GSA) are doing to phase out CFC's from there inventory of equipment. Operation & maintenance practices of GSA are given.
Absorption | Ammonia | CFC's | Chillers | Cooling Towers | Misc Cooling | Piping
Howard Mckew (P.E.)	A Look At 1960'S Chilled Water Plants	Engineered Systems	01	1992	pg. 8-10	CHILLER 001	Author looks at the older chw plants and discusses some of the retrofits that have been done to them.	Author touches on some very important issues for energy savings in central plant systems (Variable flow, W.S. Economizer, TES). Advocates variable flow chilled water but does not seem to know single loop variable flow is possible. Ignores cooling towers and their relationship to chiller efficiency.
Gordon Duffy	High Tech Air Conditioning Needn't Ignore Energy Savings	Engineered Systems	04	1992	pg. 22-26	CHILLER 002	Visa International's datacenter in mclean installed a modern chw plant using R-134a with controls to shut down its compressors for half the year.	Article discusses variable flow, W.S. Economizers, and TES briefly, but has little substance and is not well written.
Anne M. Hayner	Mistakes In Centrifugal Chiller Maintenance	Engineered Systems	07	1992	pg. 21-23	CHILLER 003	10 common mistakes to avoid in maintaining a chiller are given by trane company's ron adams (senior training engineer).	Article contains basic chiller maintenance do's and don'ts but is very simplistic (for the non-engineer)
Anil Ahuja (P.E.)	Compressing Chillers Into Action	Consulting-Specifying Enginee	08	1992	pg. 36-44	CHILLER 004	Because there are different types of chiller compressors, each option fuctions to provide a cooling effect and to make the cooling process as smooth as possible.	This article discusses some important factors to be considered in selecting a chiller. However, the article provides more detail of the thermodynamics of the chiller operation than most people require to make an informed decision and can be a little difficult to wade through. There is sufficient detail of the many factors to be considered in making the selection to make the article worth reading.
John H. Johnson (P.E.)	Refrigeration Redesign Solves Existing Problems	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	08	1992	pg. 51-54	CHILLER 005	High efficiency refrigeration plant design achieves energy savings plus incentives from the utility company.	An Interesting article but not particulary relevant to integrated chiller retrofit because an ammonia refrigeration system is the subject.
Howard Mckew (P.E.)	Chiller Retrofit Decisions	Engineered Systems	09	1993	pg. 34-39	CHILLER 006	Advocates a refrigeration plan for chiller retrofit.	This article emphasizes looking at the system as a whole not at the chillers alone. Some of the information related to refrigeratns is dated but the article has some valuable insignts.
David L. Grumman (P.E.)	Cooling Plant Expansion For County Government	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	09	1992	pg. 47-55	CHILLER 007	Details engineering & economic analysis made to determine the optimum source of heating & cooling for expansion of the dupage county complex.	An excellant article about the decision making process involved in a chiller retrofit project and the need for a detailed feasibility study.
David L. Grumman (P.E.)	Cooling Plant And Distribution Expansion For County Government	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	10	1992	pg. 49-57	CHILLER 008	Details the design and implementation of added cooling capacity and extension of distribution piping to a new building of the dupage county complex.	A continuation of the previous article, it provides good information on the many issues to consider. Some of the engineering solutions are either dated or based on local preferences for particular materials, but worthwhile reading.
Doug Bishop	Customizing Part Load Chiller Rarings	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	11	1992	pg. 70-73	CHILLER 009	A method and tables consulting engineers can use to develop their own time-weighted values for the application part load value equation rather than run a time-consuming load analysis program.	Article provides some valuable ideas for improving the APLV Calculations to include utility company demand charges.
Absorption | Ammonia | CFC's | Chillers | Cooling Towers | Misc Cooling | Piping
Laurence V. Wilson & Barry Nugent	Primary Cooling System: A Comparative Analysis	ASHRAE JOURNAL	01	1993	pg. 19-25	CHILLER 010	2 cooling systems using different heat rejection methods were compared: a primary cooling system/air cooled heat rejection is good for bldgs of 200,000 sf or less. primary cooling/water & evaporative stuff are good for 400,000 sf or more.	An interesting generalized comparison of air cooled chiller use vs. water cooled chiller use and what are some of the components in their respective life cycle costs.
John S. Andrepont	Case Studies Of Chilled Water Storage	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	01	1993	pg. 105-113	CHILLER 011	Case histories highlight central chilled water plant expansions and their relationship to the CFC issue.	A good article about the benefits of thermal energy storage. Provides information on above ground vs. buried tank systems. Discusses TES in conjenction with other work in an ICR.
Richard D. Yelvington (P.E.)	Innocative HVAC Design Halves Domed Stadium's Cooling Costs	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	01	1993	pg.92-100	CHILLER 012	Air scrubbing and push-pull independent distribution systems make for high efficiency and allow flexibly use of all or any part of facility.	An interesting article, but sine the system is new construction and for a standium which is a unique situation, it is not particularly relevant to chiller retrofit.
Anne M. Hayner	University Of Miami Scores With Teamwork	Engineered Systems	01	1993	pg. 22-25	CHILLER 013	Miami team engineered chw loop that links 3 chiller plants, maximizing diversity use and energy efficiency. There were zero change orders.	An interesting article about interconnection of multiple chiller plants into a variable flow loop. Emphasizes the design, engineering, and construction team concept but is lacking on the details of the engineering and construction involved.
James M. CaLM (P.E.)	Global Warming Impacts Of Chillers	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	02	1993	pg. 28-39	CHILLER 014	When the high global warming potential CFC's are eliminated, global warming reduction will have to be achieved by efficiency improvements and emission reductions for the alternative refrigerants chosen.	A very good article about the Ozone Depletion Potential and the Global Warming Potential of the currently available chiller refrigerants, including the direct and indirect energy related factors for both Vapor Compression and Absorption equipment. A useful tool in making an informed chiller selection.
Morton H. Blatt	Electric Chillers: Cost-Effective Choice For The Future	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	03	1993	pg. 75-82	CHILLER 015	Summary of the impact of CFC/hCFC phaseout resolutions on future chiller and refrigerant use and the environmental and economic effects of electric and gas cooling options.	This article is about the ODP and GWP of various electric chillers and gas Absorption chillers and presents a case for the electric machines. Very similiar to Article CHILLER 014 in content.
Data Aire Inc.	N/A	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	04	1993	pg. 21-30	CHILLER 016	Various stories of chw plant designs for various facilites.	This is an article about a new construction project for a data center. There is little detail about chillers or their installation.
McKew	Chiller Operating Log	Engineered Systems	05	1993	pg. 28	CHILLER 017	A chiller operating log is provided for you to help you track chilled-water demand.	This Chiller Operating Log may be of use to facilities in determining their buildings operating load characteristics.
York International	Air Conditioning Featured In Pentagon's Renovation Project	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	08	1993	pg. 25	CHILLER 018	The pentagon retrofitted its facility to become CFC free by 1996. YORK machines were most likely installed because all information on the article was provided by YORK International.	The article describes the pentagon's chilled water plant retrofit but provides very little detail. This is basically an advertisement for York.
York International	New Chillers For World Trade Center	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	05	1993	pg. 21	CHILLER 019	YORK International is producing 5 specially designed large tonnage chillers to ensure basic cooling needs for the summer period.	This is basically an advertisement for YORK.
Absorption | Ammonia | CFC's | Chillers | Cooling Towers | Misc Cooling | Piping
Carrier Corporation	CFC-11 Chiller Operation Guaranteed Through The Year 2000	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	09	1993	pg. 76-78	CHILLER 020	Carrier started an assurance program that allow CFC-11 chiller owners to continue operation until 2000. Owners have to equip chillers with a high efficiency purge, reflief valve, alarm, & oil monitor. They must also have a carrier service contract.	This is a Carrier Ad for guaranteed service of R-11 machines through 1999.
Stephan B. Austin (P.E.)	Chilled Water System Optimization	ASHRAE JOURNAL	07	1993	pg. 50-56	CHILLER 021	System modeling helps select the best combination of chillers and costs to meet different loads under various outdoor conditions.	Staging of chillers and cooling towers in a multi-chiller plant to keep the most efficient plant in operation without cycling chillers too frequently by use of DDC controls is the topic of this article. Provides some good insight into the required complexity of the control logic.
Alfred Brociner & Sephen Wiener	The World Trade Center: One Year After The Bomb	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	02	1994	pg. 32-52	CHILLER 022	Discusses the design and installation of temporary and new central chiller plants after the bomb.	A very interesting article about making the World Trade Center operational after the bombing, however, little of the article is applicaple to a normal chiller retrofit.
York International	School District Learns Lessons In Chiller Conversion	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	12	1992	pg. 18-20	CHILLER 023	Schools opts to change over to CFC free refrigerant after passage of the clean air act.	An advertisement article for CFC chiller conversion to HCFC 123.
John J. Harmon & Hsing Chung Yu	Centrifugal Chillers And ICE Thermal Storage Units	ASHRAE JOURNAL	12	1991	pg. 25-31	CHILLER 024	A well balanced chiller/ice storage system will use less energy than a conventional system.	Centrifugal chillers used in glycol based ice storage systems have some inherent pitfalls to avoid. This article describes the systems involved and makes note of some of the engineering principles to examine carefully.
Trane Company	Companies Join Forces To Develop Motor For Chiller Retrofit	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	03	1994	pg. 28-30	CHILLER 025	Trane company & Magnetek are working together to develop a more efficient compressor motor for HVAC chiller conversion to non CFC refrigerants.	An adverstisement article for Trane's motors for CFC conversion projects.
James H. Ottmer (P.E.)	Central Plant Cools And Heats World's Largest Airport	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	05	1994	pg. 42-47	CHILLER 026	State of the art technology in the central cooling and heating plant provides the thermal energy for year-round environmental control and comfort at the new denver international airport.	Though this article is about a new construction project, the technologies utilized and the economic justification to use them make this interesting reading.
Evans J. Lizardos (P.E.)	Optimizing Delta T	Engineered Systems	09	1994	pg. 41-50	CHILLER 027	An engineer describes his design for maximum temperature-differential efficiency in central chilled-water air conditioning systems. (chiller optimization)	The concept of increasing the temperature differential across cooling coils to reduce flow requirements is valid, however, the approach of adding a cirulating pump at each air handler adds a large installation cost and operating cost. Coil calculation programs do not indicate that coil performacne drops off enough at low flow rates to justify this costly addition to a variable flow system.
Howard J. Mckew (P.E.)	Chilled Water Management: Using All The Tools	Engineered Systems	09	1994	pg. 27-38	CHILLER 028	Article talks of a selection matrix that facility managers can use to determine the options they have on chw plant retrofit.	This article may be useful if you are involved in a project that involves an east coast utility company.
Mark Skaer	Doing It Big Time	Engineered Systems	11	1994	pg. 22-28	CHILLER 029	Montgomery College designs an energy-efficient, user friendly central plant, which runs smoothly thanks to its energy management system.	This article emphasizes the need for a good quality control system and discusses some good energy savings concepts.
Absorption | Ammonia | CFC's | Chillers | Cooling Towers | Misc Cooling | Piping
Howard Mckew (P.E.)	Chiller Retrofit Decisions	Engineered Systems	09	1993	pg. 34-39	CHILLER 030	Facility managers need to develop a refrigeration plan. A six point refrigerant management plan is also given.	Discusses a method for evaluation of your chiller performance to help determine options. Of little use to someone who has made the decision to retrofit their facility.
Anne M. Hayner	The 1995 ES Engineering Team Winners	Engineered Systems	01	1995	pg. 32-40	CHILLER 031	Upgrading a chilled water plant at AT&T.	This article describes the decisions making processes in a large chiller retrofit project. There is not much in the way of technical help but an interesting article about the collaborative effort.
Evans J. Lizardos (P.E.)	AN Energy Efficient Chiller Facility	Engineered Systems	01	1995	pg. 78-84	CHILLER 032	A two-stage design provides energy efficient constant flow control of chiller operations while providing an effective chilled water supply to meet varying building air conditioning and manufacturing process cooling demands	This article discusses a dual loop variable flow chilled water plant conversion. The type of system has a lot of value, especially in critical systems where redundancy is desired. The article, however, is not well written and repeats the same points many times, making it a bit slow to read.
Wayne Kirsneer (P.E.)	Troubleshooting Chilled Water Distribution Problems At NASA	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	02	1995	pg. 51-59	CHILLER 033	Various modifications over the years had skirted a problem with low chilled water delta t without solving it. Now, discovering the cause could help improve the system's present level of efficiency.	This is an excellant article about how misguided energy savings measures and operator adjustments can cause the opposite effect of that intended. The solutions discussed are viable options in many facilities suffering flow problems in their distribution piping system.
Trane Company	Hospital's Chiller Reaches Energy Efficiency Milestone	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	05	1995	pg. 26-29	CHILLER 034		An advertisement article for Trane chillers and automation controls.
Trane Company	Yarn Supplier Spins Savings With Chiller Replacement	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	07	1995	pg. 25-28	CHILLER 035	Yarn supplier replaces 15, 20-30 year old chillers to hCFC-123 chillers. Payback will be in about 2 1/2 years.	An advertisement article, but contains some good information about finding hidden opportunities for improved efficiency and comfort in a CFC retrofit.
David R. Jones (P.E.)	Small Chiller System Design	Engineered Systems	07	1995	pg. 36-42	CHILLER 036	Smaller chillers can be as efficient and reliable as large central plants if you follow these rules of thumb: match chiller size to load, stability of refrigeration cycle & CHW temp, and proper equipment selection.	A good article for those who want the flexibility of a chilled water system but have a relatively small system in terms of cooling load.
Trane Company	Installation Of Chillers Makes EPA Headquarters CFC-Free	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	08	1995	pg. 22-24	CHILLER 037	The building used by the epa in washington has eliminated CFC cooling by installing 2 energy efficient chillers which use HCFC-123.	Not bad information for an advertisement. This article discusses an integrated approach to chiller retrofit.
Kathryn M. Rospond	Backing Up Big Blue	Consulting-Specifying Engineer	12	1995	pg. 36-38	CHILLER 038	New IBM chiller plant provides level of redundancy for critical operations while supplying capacity for growth and efficient performance.	Reliable chilled water supply through redundancy is an alternative discussed in this article.
Richard H. Sterret	Operator Influence On The Performance Of Chillers & Thermal Storage	Globalcon '92	03		pg. 1-8	CHILLER 039	Performance of 9 commercial facility cooling systems were monitored and the influence of the operators were evaluated. The system which were efficiently operated, had a high degree of commitment from both operator & facility management.	This is a brief but good article on the importance of commitment by the operating engineers in maintaining an energy efficient system.
Absorption | Ammonia | CFC's | Chillers | Cooling Towers | Misc Cooling | Piping
EPA	Summary Snapshot:	Energy Star Buildings Manual	10	1993	N/A	CHILLER 040	Provides a summary of how you can profit from the stage 5 energy-efficiency upgrades if you have a water-cooled centrifual chiller. A survey is provided to help familiarize you with the condition of your chiller and enable you to determine if you can replace the chiller with a smaller, more energy-efficient chiller in stage 5 of the energy star buildings program.	Some good information for sizing and selecting a chiller with energy conservation a prime consideration.
Jeff DeWeese & Mark Hoffman	Using Market Research To Inform Program Design: Chillers And Customer Attitudes	EPRI 7TH National DSM Conference			pg. 257-262	CHILLER 041	Discuss study that Boston Edison conducted (gathered information on what aspects led facility owners to retrofit, remove or get new chillers. Key findings are discussed as to why facilities did what (why are your chillers oversized, did you know anything about CFC phase-out, why are you replacing your chillers)	This article provides data compiled by Boston Edison with regard to customer participation in a chiller retirement plan. Good background reading.
T.J. Baker, R.a. BauMer	Cost Justification Of Chiller Replacement	N/A			pg. 567-570	CHILLER 042	Discusses why you should know as much as you can about the existing conditions that your equipment operate under (how long they operated and when they operate etc., ) so that you will be able to calculate energy usage better. Gives a lengthly discussion on bin analysis also.	Discusses the use of a screw chiller with a desuperheating heat exchanger for domestic hot water at a 24 hour per day facility.
Asfaw Beyene, PHD.	Performance Evaluation Of Conventional Chiller Systems	ASHRAE JOURNAL	06	1995	pg. 36-44	CHILLER 043	This article describes an optimization technique to reduce chiller energy usage by evaluating energy saving strategies.	Discusses the benefits of utilizing 2 unequal sized chillers instead of one larger chiller to increase efficiency and minimize maintenance cost.
Lynn R. Fryer & David A. Leach	Lessons Learned And Results From Early Program Implementation	EPRI 7TH National DSM Conference			pg. 262-266	CHILLER 044	Discusses a program offered by new england electric systems (utility companies) as part of their dsm programs. The article discusses how the utility company charged $5000 for a chiller study, which would be credited back when the customer goes forware with the installation measures found from the study. The article also talks of things discovered about the consultants (most do not like using an hourly approach and would rather use the bin method for building simulations). Some building simulations were also wrong (missing a few floors). and each facilities is unique and presents its own set of opportunities.	A very good article about the concept of an integrated approach to chiller retrofit. Discusses many of the opportunities to save energy and cut operating costs that can be hidden in almost any large facility.
Trane Company	Multiple Chiller System Design And Control	Trane Applications Engineering Manual			BOOKLET	CHILLER 045	This manual describes basic multiple machine chilled water supply and distribution systems. In addition, the control of primary/secondary decoupled chilled water systems is explained.	This engineering brochure provides a very good look at the possible configurations of a central chilled water plant.
D.J. Ellner	Central Plant Measurement And Diagnostics	Vision 2001: Energy & Environmental Engineering	11	1995	439-448	CHILLER 046	The paper disuccess a central plant optimization study using "measured diagnostics" (short term data acquisition and graphical reports) as a data collection and analysis tool. Engineering analysis of the measured diagnostics are acted on to improve operational and energy performance of the plant. The article also states that other benefits of the measured diagnostic are identification of optimization strategies which reduce energy use, stabilizing erratic plant operation and creation of factual baselines to supoport more costly energy efficiency measures.	An excellant article about the measurement and diagnostic tools to use in determining the operating characteristics of a plant in order to find hidden opportunities to increase efficiency. There are a couple of items of discussions that appear to be inaccurate. (e.g. design flow rate of chillers seems low) and further clarification would have been beneficial.
Fernando J. Anzoategui, P.E.	Energy Analysis For Retrofit Of Chilled Water PlantS	Energy Engineering Vol. 93 NO.2 1996		1996	pg. 12-29	CHILLER 047	Author gives a "new way" to do energy studies of buildings (modeling bldgs) that is real real quick. Because the method is so "quick" the client saves money due to reduced engineering cost.	The author provides some helpful hints for doing an economical computer analysis of a central plant.
T.W. Waller	Heating, Ventilating And Air Conditioning Infrastructure Long Range Plan	Vision 2001: Energy & Environmental Engineering	11	1995	pg. 477-482	CHILLER 048	The article talks of a short and long term plan for major upgrade/replacement of HVAC systems and equipment. The plan takes infomation from 5 key points. 1. actual equipment inventory. 2. equipment maintenance history from the wims job order/work order system. 3. energy management and control system trends. 4. energy consumption information. 5. previous/planned mission changes for areas/entire facility. User must categories the above mentioned points, gives a score for them, adds up the score and the end result is used to determine what to so.	The Air Force plan for long term forecasting of equipment replacement has some merit. Most facilities that are interested in long term planning can get some good ideas here and then tailor them to their own needs.
Energy Simulation Specialists, INC.	PG&E Chiller Monitoring Protocals	N/A				CHILLER 049	The document establishes protocols for the testing, monitoring, and analysis of chiller systems.
Absorption | Ammonia | CFC's | Chillers | Cooling Towers | Misc Cooling | Piping
Robert L. Schwed	Rebuild Or Replace? Hospital Faces Cooling Tower Delemma	Engineered Systems	04	1992	pg 28-31	COOLING TOWER 001	Arkansas medical facility finds new life and extended capacity in its aging cooling towers. They rebuilt their towers	Interesting reading especially for those who have cooling towers that are not easily replaced.
Jim Willa	Engineering Cooling Towers For Efficient Operation	Consulting-Specifying Enginee	08	1992	pg. 46-50	COOLING TOWER 002	Knowing the difference in equipmnet and operating methods can make cooling towers more appropriate to their applications.	Good cooling tower basics.
Robert Burger	Wet Bulb Temperature: The Misunderstanding Element	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	09	1993	pg. 29-34	COOLING TOWER 003	Design wet bult temperature ensures that a tower will produce desired leaving water temperature @ design water flow & design operating conditions: If tower leaving water is warm, decreased capacity & higher power or fuel costs will result	Interesting information.
Mark Skaer	Specifying Cooling Towers	Engineered Systems	03	1994	pg. 36-39	COOLING TOWER 004	When specifying cooling towers some "rules" should be followed: consult "experts", know terminology, shop around, different needs, different situations, many factors to take into account. A guide for end-users is also provided.	This is worth reading if you want information about cooling towers.
Andrew C. Ask (P.E.)	Check The Cooling Tower: Will It Handle The New Chiller?	Engineered Systems	01	1995	pg. 70-76	COOLING TOWER 005	A general procedure for determing if you should repair, rebuild or get a new cooling is provided. Some sampe equations are also provided.	Discussion of key concerns about cooling tower performance.
Carl Nebel	Design Of Ozone Systems For Cooling Towers	Engineered Systems	04	1995	pg. 58-72	COOLING TOWER 006	Article explores the proper application and design of ozone systems for cooling towers.	This article describes the care that should be used in the utilization of ozone water treatment systems.
David R. Jones (P.E.)	Selecting Cooling Towers And Fluid Coolers	Engineered Systems	08	1995	pg. 66-72	COOLING TOWER 007	General discussion of selecing various types of equipment due to the new chiller technology currently available.	This is a good article about how and where to use a fluid cooler instead of a conventional cooling tower.
Joseph A. Mandato	Specifying The Right Stuff	Engineered Systems	12	1995	pg. 39-44	COOLING TOWER 008	Selecting the right tower construction is determining the level of corrosion protection required, based on the application. Here is a review of some of the material options offered in the industry today.	Good cooling tower construction information.
Greg F. Hanaby & Milton Meckler	Flexible Cooling Facility Accommodates Multiple Dynamometer Load	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	08	1995	pg. 73-77	COOLING TOWER 009	A 30-year-old industrial cooling tower distribution system was replaced because it could not satisfy the present or the expected future cooling demands.	Interesting project information.
Z. John Zhang, P.E. PHD.	Keep Your Cooling Tower	ASHRAE JOURNAL	06	1996	pg. 22-26	COOLING TOWER 010	Consider keeping the cooling tower when replacing absorption chillers with electric centrifugal chillers.	Worthwhile reading.
Absorption | Ammonia | CFC's | Chillers | Cooling Towers | Misc Cooling | Piping
Pittsburgh Corning	Foamed Glass Insulates Airport's Chilled Water System	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	01	1993	pg. 52-58	MISC. COOLING 001	General discussion of work done to create a very large airport in Pittsburgh, PA.	Primary focus of the article is the choice of foamed glass pipe insulation.
Louis O. Decker	Steam-Jet Vacuum Cooling	Engineered Systems	11	1993	pg. 55-56	MISC. COOLING 002	A proven technology, steam jet cooling offers reliability and "environmentally friendly" refrigeration for process applications.	An interesting technology but probably not applicable to most facilities.
Steven J. Clark & Bud Everson	NON-HVAC Water Lines Provide Cost Effective Four-Pipe Fancoils	ASHRAE JOURNAL	03	1994	pg. 29-31	MISC. COOLING 003	Discussion of an integrated piping system (patented design) by HVAC systems, Whitehall, Montana (800-728-6674).	An interesting way to rduce the cost of installing a four pipe system in a motel but would not likely be acceptable under California Building Codes.
N/A	Thermal Storage By Design	Engineered Systems	07	1994	pg. 42-43	MISC. COOLING 004	Although it's a niche for this mechanical design-engineering-contracting company, hybrid thermal storage-ammonia systems are becoming increasingly popular with customers of Bassett Mechanical, Appleton, WI.	An interesting packaged ammonia based ice builder thermal storage system but with limited applicability in most facilities.
Michael Micak	Walk-in Cold Rooms Help Keep Produce Fresh	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	12	1994	pg. 51-76	MISC. COOLING 005	Walk-in coolers replace refrigerated trailers in produce market retrofit.	This article is only applicable to low temp refrigeration projects.
Andrew C. Ask (P.E.)	Check The Cooling Coils Before You Condemn Your Chiller	Engineered Systems	04	1995	pg. 50-56	MISC. COOLING 006	Coils, not the chiller, are the heart of the system. In this, the second of a three-part series on chiller-system replacement we take a look at coils.	Good information about the importance of coolin gcoils in the system. The coils hsould not be ignored, but included into a system wide analysis.
David E. Knebel, P.E.	Current Trends In Thermal Storage	Engineered Systems	01	1995	pg. 42-58	MISC. COOLING 007	Based upon trends and improvements, thermal energy storage systems can cost less to build and operate, maintain better environments; offer greater flexibility in use; use smaller chillers and less refrigerant; and reduce global warming impact by transferring load to more-efficient power plants.	Valuable reading if thermal energy storage is a possible alternative you are considering.
R.A. Rundquist, K.F. Johnson, D.J.A. Aumann	Calculating Lighting And HVAC Interactions	ASHRAE JOURNAL	11	1993	pg. 28-37	MISC. COOLING 008	A method is presented for determining the effects of energy efficient lighting designs on HVAC energy and installation costs.	Valuable reading related to the effect of lighting on the heating and cooling loads of a building.
David R. Aldridge JR., P.E.	Shared Energy Savings (SES) Contracting	Solar Engineering - Vol 1 ASME 1995		1995	pg. 291-293	MISC. COOLING 009	Discuss start and finish of an contract the us government made with an esco and how the project worked well.	There is not much data on the actual project and therefore of little value.
M.A. Kimball	On Target: A Complicated And Successful Energy Retrofit Program	N/A			pg. 203-208	MISC. COOLING 010	Discusses a successful energy retrofit program at the lone star gas corporate headquarters in dallas texas. Some discussion on absorbtion chillers (in the facility) and replacement of cooling towers.	Worthwhile Reading
Absorption | Ammonia | CFC's | Chillers | Cooling Towers | Misc Cooling | Piping
Brian P. O'Rourke (P.E.)	Cross-Connection Control To Prevent Backflow	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	11	1993	pg. 61-66	PIPING 001	The degree of hazard presented by a facility helps determine the appropriate method of protecting water supply lines from backsiphonage and backpressure.	Good article on backflow prevention
M. Khalid H. Siddiqui (P.E.)	The Relationship Between Heat Transfer And Water Flow	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	12	1992	pg. 59-62	PIPING 002	Proper consideration of the heat transfer-water flow relationship leads to an effective, economical hydronic heating system design.	Good basic information about hydronic flow characteristics
Robert M. Casillas	Why Automatic Hydronic Balancing Cuts Cost	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	02	1993	pg. 59-63	PIPING 003	The technology of automatic flow-control valves now offers important new savings that start at the drawing board. Basically, balancing a manual valves is time consuming and current automatic valves come with less parts.	Interesting but unnecessary in a variable flow system
Robert P. Taylor, B.K. Hodge, & W.G. Steele	Series Piping Design With UnCertainty Analysis	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	05	1993	pg. 87-93	PIPING 004	Computer program that uses uncertainty analysis offers a solution for many fluid systems to the chronic problem of overdesign and overspecification resulting from layered safety factors.	Good technical data for sizing pumps
Donald P. Fiorino (P.E.)	District Cooling Re-Invented	ASHRAE JOURNAL	05	1994	pg. 20-28	PIPING 005	An aging, inefficient district cooling system is modernized w/stratified chilled water storage & primary/secondary chilled water distribution.	This is an interesting article about chilled water storage systems
Gil Avery (P.E.)	Designing And Commissioning Variable Flow Hydronic Systems	ASHRAE JOURNAL	07	1993	pg. 45-49	PIPING 006	The special design requirement of variable flow hyrdonic systems described with their correct commissioning procedure.	Interesting reading on engineering considerations of a variable flow chilled water system.
Gary R. Davies (P.E.)	Primary/Secondary Piping With Thermal Storage: A Better Way	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	07	1993	pg. 59-64	PIPING 007	Article describes an improved scheme for integrating an ice-module type thermal storage system with a primary/secondary chilled water pumping system.	An interesting TES alternative.
James H. Ottmer & James B. Rishel	Airport's Pumping System Horsepower Requirements Take Nose Dive	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	10	1993	pg. 51-55	PIPING 008	Distributed chilled water pumping system produces significant pump horsepower savings and other benefits at the new denver international airport.	An interesting solution to an inefficienct pumping system
Walter Joncas	Boosting Refrigeration Efficiencies With Liquid Pumping	Engineered Systems	11	1993	pg. 58-62	PIPING 009	Lliquid pressure amplification can increase the cop in refrigeration cycles.	Not applicable to a central chiller installation
Absorption | Ammonia | CFC's | Chillers | Cooling Towers | Misc Cooling | Piping
Richard Havens	Improving Pumping Systems	Engineered Systems	11	1993	pg. 42-46	PIPING 010	Optimization of building pumping systems can ease the squeeze brought on by CFC elimination and increased energy costs.	This article has some good ideas
Kenneth M. Elovitz (P.E.)	Variable-Speed Drives: What They Do And When To Use Them	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	12	1993	pg. 67-75	PIPING 011	Variable-speed drives can provide energy savings, but they can also introduce the problem of harmonic distortion. Application must be carefully examined to determine if these drives are appropriate.	Interesting reading about variable frequency drives.
James B. Rishel (P.E.)	Piping Chillers TO Variable Volume Chilled Water Systems	ASHRAE JOURNAL	07	1994	pg. 43-45	PIPING 012	The proper piping connection for chillers will enhance their efficient operation from minimum to maximum load on the system.	Sound basics for variable flow primary/secondary chilled water systems
Steven J. Clark (C.E.M.)	An Argument For Integrated Piping Systems	Engineered Systems	07	1994	pg. 54-57	PIPING 013	Using domestic hot-water piping for heating, and fire sprinkler piping for cooling, can provide considerable benefits - if properly applied.	Interesting thoughts but local codes can have an impact on the ability to even try this.
David W. Kelly	Applying And Optimizing Variable-Speed Drives For Pumps	Engineered Systems	11	1994	pg. 45-47	PIPING 014	Provides analysis of energy savings to be gained from using variable speed drives in a CHW system. Basically, use 2-way valves, base energy savings on actual power used (close to square of flow), note: w/o vfd, pump will draw less power as it backs off.	A good article on applying the use of VFD's to pumps
A.L. Utesch (P.E.)	Chilled Water Distribution Re-examined	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	04	1995	pg. 53-55	PIPING 015	Pump speed controlled blending station versus system decoupled blending station (blending station is better).	Does not apply to typical cooling applications
David W. Kelly	Pumping For Dollars	Consulting-Specifying Engineer	07	1995	pg. 62-66	PIPING 016	Efficient operation of chilled-water systems requires a thorough understanding of how system components interrelate.	This article give some background information on many complex pumping senarios.
David W. Kelly	Pumping For Dollars	Consulting-Specifying Engineer	08	1995	pg. 32-36	PIPING 017	Shows how primary-secondary pumping systems can save energy, & money, on large hydronic systems.	This article give some background information on many complex pumping senarios.
Evans J. Lizardos (P.E.)	Engineered Primary-Secondary Chilled Water Systems	Engineered Systems	08	1995	pg. 30-34	PIPING 018	An engineer explores the design distance between secondary supply and return connections to the common primary-secondary pipe.	Not much useful information.
Erwin G. Hansen	Parallel Operation Of Variable Speed Pumps In CHW System	ASHRAE JOURNAL	10	1995	pg. 34-38	PIPING 019	Basically operating 1 pump at full speed in parallel with a 2nd pump at reduced speed is technically feasible only for insignificant speed reduction and over a very narrow range of flows.	Discusses the interation of variable speed pumps w/ constant speed pumps working in parallel.
Absorption | Ammonia | CFC's | Chillers | Cooling Towers | Misc Cooling | Piping
N/A	A Constant Flow Of Energy Savings	Engineered Systems	12	1995	pg. 34-37	PIPING 020	Variable speed pumping technology slashes costs and improves performance in buildings served by a chilled water loop system at ball state university.	An interesting case showing the benefits to variable speed pumping systems.
Daniel Fagan	Piping Materials And Joining Methods For Plumbing Systems	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	10	1993	pg. 59-62	PIPING 021	Discussion of the different piping and joining methods available for plumbing systems.	General information on piping materials.
James B. Rishel (P.E.)	Basic Principles For HVAC Pump Applications	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	04	1994	pg. 45-48	PIPING 022	A review of the basic considerations involved in the selection and application of pumps.	Good basic pump selection and installation information.
Francis A. Govan	Piping Systems For Industrial Steam Boilers	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	05	1994	pg. 51-55	PIPING 023	Basic piping considerations for steam boilers used in space and process heating applications.	Interesting background reading
Ted Pannkoke (P.E.)	Hydronic Heating System Components	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	10	1995	pg. 71-74	PIPING 024	A back-to-basic look at key components of a low-temperature hydronic system and key considerations for integrating them in a safe, effective system.	Good basic information on the components of a how water system
Michael Regelbrugge	Plumbing Basics: Choosing The Best Valve	Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning	10	1994	pg. 65-67	PIPING 025	Talks of the types of valves, their function, and the advantage provided by each.	Good basic valve information
Les Manz	The Need For Easier Connectivity In Installing ASD And Motors	Globalcon '94	04	1994	pg. 1-10	PIPING 026	Discussion on system integration of asd's with existing systems. asd applications with piping is very briefly touched on. This article can probably be removed from this d-base.	Good information
W.L. Stebbins	Are You Certain You Understand The Economics For ASD Systems?	Energy & Pollution Control Opportunities	10	1993	pg. 497-504	PIPING 027	Discussion of ASD economics with centrifugal loads and ASD applications in fans & pumps approximate a square functtion and not a cube fuction.	Good information to know if you are trying to estimate savings of a variable speed installation.
R.R. Vaillencourt	Simple Solutions To VSD Pumping Measures	Energy & Pollution Control Opportunities	10	1993	pg. 505-511	PIPING 028	General discussion of how to calculate energy savings quickly and easily.	Interesting reading and some valuable information.
K.W. Gerken & C.D. Svard	Process Cooling Primary/Secondary Renovation	Energy & Pollution Control Opportunities	10	1993	pg. 547-556	PIPING 029	Overview of a process cooling renovation project in a 700,000 square foot magnetic disk/tape storage manufactoring facility.	Worhwhile reading.
Trane Corporation	Variable Flow Chilled Water Systems	Trane Engineering Newsletter			BOOKLET	PIPING 030	Article discusses the new technology for variable water systems. The article also gives a discussion on modulation vs. stepped output for controllers, how variable flow will effect heat transfer, and on abrupt and minor flow variations. The end result is that the article supports the use of a decoupled system (primiary secondary type system). Other trane engineers newsletters on this topic are: 1974 vol. 3, no. 1 - control systems that save energy; 1976 vol. 5, no. 2 - chilled water storage; 1977 vol. 6, no. 1 - large chillers: series or parallel flow; 1977 vol. 6, no. 9 - a need for variable flow chilled water systems; 1979 vol. 8, no. 2 - control of a reciprocating compressor water chiller; 1980 vol. 9, no. 1 - why must chillers be constant flow devices?	Some good information but directed toward Trane equipment.
E.J. Lizrdos	Industrial Central Chiller Facility Upgrade For Greater System Capacity And Tighter Process Control	Vision 2001: Energy & Environmental Engineering	11	1995	pg. 471-476	PIPING 031	An existing CHW system (single-stage central chilled water system ) for a pharmaceutical manufacturer was upgraded and expaned to a two-stage primary secondary pump design with a pressure equalization header. The system reduces total water flow demands by 2,500 gpm. This reduction, along with more energy efficient equipment, allowed the system to reduce peak energy use by 1,400 kwh.	Not well written and therefore confusing.
James P. Waltz (P.E.)	Variable Flow Chilled Water or.., how I learned to love my vfd	Facilities Re-Engineering		1996	N/A	PIPING 032	The thoughts and experience of an engineer who has designed, commissioned, and "analyized" many variable flow chilled water systems is provided.	Excellent Article, covers the ins and outs of a variable flow CHW system.